Urban ecosystem services refer to goods and services provided directly or indirectly by ecosystems (e.g. urban parks), that are made available to humans and contribute to the well-being of the urban population. Provisioning services (e.g. of food), regulating services (e.g. cooling, shading) and cultural services relevant to recreation, cultural identity or social interaction among the population are distinguished.
Within the USLL, urban ecosystems are primarily viewed as a contribution to urban sustainability transformations. They play a crucial role in specific adaptation measures to climate change and in the context of urban agriculture.
